A buyer from New York asks about currency risk. At what rate is the UAE dirham pegged to the US dollar?
- 3.50 per USD, reviewed every year
- 3.75 per USD, the same as the Saudi riyal
- 3.6725 per USD, fixed since 1997
- It floats freely against the dollar
The dirham has been officially pegged at 3.6725 per US dollar since November 1997. For a dollar-based buyer there is no currency swing, and because of the peg the UAE Central Bank tends to move its rates in line with the US Federal Reserve.
The National, What is the UAE dirham-dollar peg (2024-11) Seven apartments sold in one tower this month for 1,150,000, 1,400,000, 1,620,000, 1,900,000, 2,050,000, 2,300,000 and a record 95,000,000 for the sky penthouse. What is the median sale price?
Sort the prices and take the middle one: with 7 sales it is the 4th, 1,900,000. The average is about 15.06 million because of the single penthouse, which is why one record deal can make an average look like a boom while the typical price has not moved.
Registers of Scotland, Median vs mean (2026-08) A valuer looks at recent sales of similar apartments in the same building, then adjusts for floor, view and size. Which valuation method is this?
- The residual method
- The comparison (comparative) method
- The cost method
- The investment method
The comparison method values a property from prices achieved by similar properties, with adjustments for the differences. It suits standard homes where there are plenty of comparable sales, such as most Dubai apartments.
IPAV, The Comparative Method of Valuation (2023-12) Two investors buy identical apartments. One pays cash, the other pays 20% and borrows 80%. Ignoring costs, what happens if prices move 10%?
- Both see a 10% change on the money they put in
- The mortgage buyer gains more if prices rise, but loses the same as the cash buyer if they fall
- The mortgage buyer is protected from falls because the bank shares the loss
- The mortgage buyer's gain or loss on his own money is much larger in both directions
Leverage magnifies results both ways: the whole price change lands on the smaller equity. With 20% down, a 10% move is roughly a 50% gain or loss on the buyer's own money, and the bank is still repaid in full.
An expat buys his first home, a ready apartment at 2,000,000, with the maximum mortgage the UAE Central Bank allows. A year later it is worth 2,100,000. Ignoring costs and interest, what is the return on his own money (in %)?
% Maximum LTV for an expat first home under 5 million is 80%, so his equity is 20% x 2,000,000 = 400,000. The gain is 2,100,000 - 2,000,000 = 100,000, and 100,000 / 400,000 = 25%, against only 5% for a cash buyer.
CBUAE Rulebook, Mortgage Regulations, Article 3 (2026-10) Your client wants to repay his whole home loan early with his bonus. The outstanding balance is 1,600,000. What is the most the bank can charge as an early settlement fee?
- 10,000
- 16,000
- 48,000
- Nothing, early settlement is always free
The UAE Central Bank caps the early settlement fee on home loans at 1% of the outstanding balance or 10,000, whichever is less. Here 1% would be 16,000, so the cap of 10,000 applies.
CBUAE Rulebook, Regulations regarding Bank Loans and Other Services Offered to Individual Customers, Appendix 2 (2026-10) A bank offers your buyer a variable-rate mortgage. How is that rate usually built in the UAE?
- A fixed rate set by the Dubai Land Department
- The UAE Central Bank base rate, with no bank margin
- A benchmark such as 3-month EIBOR plus the bank's margin, reset on set dates
- The developer's payment plan rate plus VAT
EIBOR is the dirham interbank benchmark published by the UAE Central Bank, and variable mortgages are priced as EIBOR plus a fixed margin, so the payment moves at each reset. Many fixed deals switch to EIBOR-based pricing when the fixed period ends, so check that clause.
Driven Properties, EIBOR rate and Dubai mortgages (2026-10) A client wants Islamic home finance. In an ijara structure, what happens?
- The bank lends cash and charges interest, like a conventional loan
- The bank buys the property and leases it to the client, and ownership passes to the client at the end
- The bank buys the property and resells it to the client at a marked-up price paid in instalments
- The client and the developer share ownership until handover
Ijara is lease-to-own: the bank owns the home and the client pays rent until ownership transfers at the end. The marked-up resale option describes murabaha, and in musharaka the bank and client co-own and the client buys out the bank's share over time.
Bayut MyBayut, All about Islamic, Shariah-compliant mortgages (2026-08) An expat first-time buyer agrees 2,000,000 for a ready apartment and plans an 80% mortgage. The bank's valuation comes in at 1,900,000. How much of the purchase price must he now pay from his own cash (ignore fees)?
Banks apply the LTV to the lower of price and valuation: 80% x 1,900,000 = 1,520,000 loan. Cash needed = 2,000,000 - 1,520,000 = 480,000, which is 80,000 more than he planned, so warn buyers about valuation gaps before they sign.
Engel & Völkers UAE, Loan-to-value meaning (2026-02) An office floor in Business Bay produces a net operating income of 450,000 per year. Similar investments trade at a capitalisation rate of 7.5%. Using the income method, what is it worth?
Value = net operating income / cap rate. 450,000 / 0.075 = 6,000,000.
Corporate Finance Institute, Capitalization rate (2026-10) Sales in your community fell sharply from June to July and a seller panics. What is the best way to check whether the market is really weakening?
- Compare July with the previous month only
- Look at the single highest sale in July
- Count the listings on one portal today
- Compare July with July of last year, since activity has seasonal patterns
Activity rises and falls with the seasons, so a month-on-month drop can be normal. Comparing the same month year on year removes most of that seasonal effect.
APCIQ, Seasonality and interpretation of real estate statistics (2019-06) Savills reported Q2 2026 Dubai averages of about 1,960 per sq ft for apartments and 1,646 per sq ft for villas and townhouses. A client says this proves apartments cost more than villas. What do you answer?
- Apartments cost more per sq ft, but villas are much larger, so a villa's total price is usually higher
- He is right, apartments are the more expensive product in every community
- The figures must be wrong, villas always cost more per sq ft
- Price per sq ft is only used for off-plan, so it does not apply
Price per sq ft compares value per unit of space, not ticket size. Large villas spread their price over many more square feet, so they can be cheaper per sq ft and still dearer in total.
Savills via Zawya, Dubai residential market moderates amid higher handovers in Q2 2026 (2026-07) A UAE national buys his first home, a villa at 6,000,000, to live in. What is the maximum loan-to-value under the UAE Central Bank mortgage regulations?
- 85%
- 80%
- 75%
- 70%
For UAE nationals the first home cap is 85% up to 5 million and 75% above it. An expat first home above 5 million is capped at 70%, and any off-plan purchase at 50%.
CBUAE Rulebook, Mortgage Regulations, Article 3 (2026-10) A bank needs a value for a purpose-built private school campus that has never been sold and has no comparable sales. Which method is a valuer most likely to rely on?
- The comparison method
- Average price per sq ft of nearby apartments
- The residual method
- The cost method (depreciated replacement cost)
Depreciated replacement cost takes the current cost of replacing the building, less deductions for age and obsolescence, plus the land. RICS reserves it for specialised property that rarely, if ever, sells on the open market, such as schools and hospitals.
FIG / Plimmer and Sayce, Depreciated replacement cost (citing RICS definitions) (2006-10) An investor remembers the global financial crisis. Roughly how much value did Dubai property lose between 2008 and 2011?
- About 15%
- About 30%
- More than 50%
- About 85%
Dubai property lost more than half its value between 2008 and 2011, after a credit-fuelled, speculative run-up met the global crisis. It is the reference point for why regulators later tightened mortgage and off-plan rules.
CNBC, Dubai stocks see wild ride on housing fears (2014-07) Prices rose fast in 2013 and the IMF urged action. Which two measures did Dubai and the UAE introduce in late 2013 to cool speculation?
- The DLD transfer fee doubled from 2% to 4%, and Central Bank mortgage rules capped loan-to-value
- VAT on resale homes and a ban on foreign buyers
- A capital gains tax and a freeze on new launches
- A rent cap and a minimum holding period of five years
In October 2013 Dubai doubled the transfer fee from 2% to 4%, and the Central Bank mortgage regulations with LTV caps took effect at the end of December 2013. Both aimed to slow flipping by short-term speculators.
CNBC, Dubai government ups transaction fees to cool property market (2013-10) In Q3 2018 the UAE Central Bank reported Dubai residential prices down 7.4% year on year, the eighth quarterly fall in a row. What did analysts name as the main cause of that correction?
- Rising US interest rates alone
- A strong, continued flow of new housing supply
- The introduction of a property tax
- Restrictions on foreign ownership
Analysts and the Central Bank pointed mainly to oversupply: about 22,000 units were completed in 2018, the most in five years, and far more were planned. A heavy handover pipeline is one of the first things to watch in any Dubai cycle.
Oxford Business Group, Investors amid Dubai's falling real estate prices (2019-02) In May 2025, after residential prices rose by close to 60% between 2022 and Q1 2025, what did Fitch Ratings forecast for Dubai?
- A crash of over 50%, like 2008
- Another 20% rise in 2026
- Flat prices because no new supply was coming
- A moderate correction of no more than 15% from H2 2025, as about 250,000 units deliver from 2023 to 2026
Fitch linked its forecast to supply: about 250,000 units due between 2023 and 2026, peaking near 120,000 in 2026. It expected a correction of no more than 15%, not a collapse, and no impact on bank or developer ratings.
Gulf News, Dubai property prices to start dropping before 2025 ends: Fitch (2025-05) Savills reported that in Q2 2026 about 27,300 homes were handed over in Dubai, while developers launched about 5,335 units, down from more than 45,000 in Q1. What is the soundest reading?
- Supply is drying up, so every community will see price rises
- New completed supply is high now, while slower launches shrink the future pipeline, so pressure is likely in high-supply communities
- Handovers do not affect rents or resale prices
- Fewer launches prove that buyers have left Dubai
Handovers add homes to the rental and resale market immediately, and launches feed supply three or four years later. Savills expected adjustments mainly where new supply is heavy, with supply-constrained locations more resilient.
Savills via Zawya, Dubai residential market moderates amid higher handovers in Q2 2026 (2026-07) A client wants Dubai rental income without buying a unit. What is Dubai Residential REIT, which listed in May 2025?
- A Shariah-compliant REIT on the Dubai Financial Market, sponsored by Dubai Holding, owning about 35,700 rental homes
- A government mortgage fund for first-time buyers
- A developer's off-plan payment plan listed on Nasdaq Dubai
- A private fund open only to UAE nationals
Dubai Residential REIT listed on the DFM on 28 May 2025 after an IPO of 2.145 billion, with Dubai Holding keeping 85%. Buying REIT units gives exposure to rental income with small tickets and daily liquidity, but the price moves with the stock market.
Dubai Residential, DR REIT debuts on DFM (2025-05) A French investor buys an apartment for 2,000,000 when 1 EUR = 4.00 AED. He sells for 2,300,000 when 1 EUR = 4.40 AED. Ignoring costs, what is his return in euros (in %)?
% Cost: 2,000,000 / 4.00 = EUR 500,000. Proceeds: 2,300,000 / 4.40 = EUR 522,727. Return = 22,727 / 500,000 = 4.55%, against 15% in dirhams, because the dirham follows the dollar and the euro strengthened.
The National, What is the UAE dirham-dollar peg (2024-11) An expat investor bought a home at 2,000,000 with an 80% loan. Over one year he paid 64,000 in interest, then sold at 1,800,000. Ignoring rent, fees and principal repaid, what loss did he make as a % of his own equity? (Enter a positive number.)
% Equity = 20% x 2,000,000 = 400,000. Loss = 200,000 on the price + 64,000 interest = 264,000. 264,000 / 400,000 = 66% of his money gone, while a cash buyer would have lost 10%.
A warehouse earns a stable net operating income of 1,200,000. Market cap rates for this type compress from 7.5% to 6.5%. By how much does its value rise (in %)?
% Value at 7.5% = 1,200,000 / 0.075 = 16,000,000. Value at 6.5% = 1,200,000 / 0.065 = 18,461,538. Rise = 2,461,538 / 16,000,000 = 15.38%, with no change in income, which is why rate moves drive commercial values.
Corporate Finance Institute, Capitalization rate (2026-10) A developer studies a plot for a tower worth 150,000,000 once built (GDV). Construction costs 70,000,000, fees, marketing and finance 15,000,000, and he requires a profit of 20% of GDV. Using the residual method, what is the most he should pay for the land?
Profit = 20% x 150,000,000 = 30,000,000. Residual land value = 150,000,000 - 70,000,000 - 15,000,000 - 30,000,000 = 35,000,000. Small changes in sale prices or build costs swing this figure a lot.
Savills, In plain English: five development land valuation terms (2021-03) - Dubai areas
- Rules and processes
- Money and calculations
- Off-plan
- Leasing
- Sales skills
- Selling Dubai
- Compliance
- Marketing and social media
- Client mastery
- Mindset and performance
- Market cycles and valuation
- Abu Dhabi: rules and areas
- Sharjah: rules and areas
- Ras Al Khaimah: rules and areas
- Ajman: rules and areas
- Umm Al Quwain: rules and areas
- Fujairah: rules and areas
- Saudi Arabia: rules and licence
- Saudi regions and neighbourhoods
- Saudi off-plan (Wafi)
- Where to invest in Saudi Arabia
- Saudi calculations: ROI and yields
- Saudi clients and culture
- All Emirates: who does what
- Trainee
- Junior broker
- Broker
- Senior broker
- Top producer
- Closer
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